Package 'changepointGA'

Average crossover operator to produce offspring for AMOC problem

Description

In this crossover operator designed for AMOC problem, the new child is produced by taking the average of the changepoint locations from dad and mom and round to an integer. Note, every chromosome has at most one candidate changepoint location.

Usage

amoc_crossover(mom, dad, prange = NULL, minDist, lmax, N)

Arguments

mom	Among two selected individuals, mom represents the selected chromosome representation with lower fitness function value.
dad	Among two selected individuals, dad represents the selected chromosome representation with larger fitness function value.
prange	The default value is NULL. If there is no requirement on model order selection, such an auxiliary argument is needed for cptga and cptgaisl functions.
minDist	The minimum length between two adjacent changepoints.
lmax	The maximum possible length of the chromosome representation.
N	The length of time series.

Value

The child chromosome that produced from mom and dad for next generation.

---

Jump mutation operator to produce offspring for AMOC problem

Description

In a certain probability, the mutation genetic operator can be applied to generate a new child. In this AMOC mutation operator, the new child changepoint location can be down via a "jump" method. The child changepoint location will jump minDist time units either to the left or right to produce the changepoint location for the mutated child. The jump direction is randomly decided with 0.5 probability.

Usage

amoc_mutation(
  child,
  prange = NULL,
  minDist,
  pchangepoint = NULL,
  lmax = NULL,
  mmax = NULL,
  N = NULL
)

Arguments

child	The child chromosome resulting from the crossover genetic operator.
prange	The default value is NULL. If there is no requirement on model order selection, this auxiliary argument is required by cptga and cptgaisl.
minDist	The minimum length between two adjacent changepoints in amoc_selection operator, which is also the jump magnitude in the amoc_mutation operator.
pchangepoint	An auxiliary argument required by cptga and cptgaisl.
lmax	An auxiliary argument required by cptga and cptgaisl.
mmax	An auxiliary argument required by cptga and cptgaisl.
N	An auxiliary argument required by cptga and cptgaisl.

Value

The resulting child chromosome representation.

---

Random population initialization for AMOC problem

Description

Randomly generate the individuals' chromosomes (changepoint configurations) to construct the first generation population for the at most one changepoint (AMOC) problem.

Usage

amoc_population(popSize, prange, N, minDist, pchangepoint, mmax, lmax)

Arguments

popSize	An integer represents the number of individual in each population for basic GA (or subpopulation for island model GA).
prange	Default is NULL for only changepoint detection. If prange is specified as a list object, which contains the range of each model order parameters for order selection (integers). The number of order parameters must be equal to the length of prange.
N	The length of time series.
minDist	The minimum length between two adjacent changepoints.
pchangepoint	The probability that a changepoint can occur.
mmax	The maximum possible number of changepoints in the data set.
lmax	The maximum possible length of the chromosome representation.

Details

Given the possible candidate changepoint location set, each chromosome in the first generation population can be obtained by randomly sampling one location from the candidate set. The first element of every chromosome represent the number of changepoints and the last non-zero element always equal to the length of time series plus one (N+1).

Value

A matrix that contains each individual's chromosome.

---

The parents selection genetic algorithm operator for AMOC problem

Description

The genetic algorithm require to select a pair of chromosomes, representing dad and mom, for the crossover operator to produce offspring (individual for next generation). Here, the same linear ranking method in selection_linear_rank is used to select a pair of chromosomes for dad and mom in the at most one changepoint (AMOC) problem. By default, the dad has better fit/smaller fitness function value/larger rank than mom.

Usage

amoc_selection(pop, popFit)

Arguments

pop	A matrix contains the chromosomes for all individuals. The number of rows is equal to lmax and the number of columns is equal to the popSize.
popFit	A vector contains the objective function value (population fit) being associated to each individual chromosome from above.

Value

A list contains the chromosomes for dad and mom.

---

Example function: Calculating BIC for AR(1) model

Description

The objective function for changepoint search in Autoregressive moving average with model order selection via Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC).

Usage

arima_bic(chromosome, plen = 0, XMat, Xt)

Arguments

chromosome	The chromosome consists of the number of changepoints, the order of AR part, the order of MA part, the changepoint locations, and a value of time series length plus 1 (N+1) indicating the end of the chromosome.
plen	The number of model order parameters that need to be selected. If model order selection needs to be performed simultaneously with the changepoint detection task, plen should be nonzero.
XMat	A matrix contains the covariates, but not includes changepoint effects, for time series regression.
Xt	The simulated ARMA time series from ts_sim function.

Value

The BIC value of the objective function.

Examples

Ts <- 1000
betaT <- c(0.5) # intercept
XMatT <- matrix(1, nrow = Ts, ncol = 1)
colnames(XMatT) <- "intercept"
sigmaT <- 1
phiT <- c(0.5)
thetaT <- NULL
DeltaT <- c(2, -2)
Cp.prop <- c(1 / 4, 3 / 4)
CpLocT <- floor(Ts * Cp.prop)

myts <- ts_sim(
  Ts = Ts, beta = betaT, XMat = XMatT, sigma = sigmaT, phi = phiT, theta = thetaT,
  Delta = DeltaT, CpLoc = CpLocT, seed = 1234
)

# candidate changepoint configuration
chromosome <- c(2, 250, 750, 1001)
arima_bic(chromosome, XMat = XMatT, Xt = myts)

---

Calculating BIC for Multiple changepoint detection with AR and MA order selection

Description

The objective function for changepoint search in Autoregressive moving average with model order selection via Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC).

Usage

arima_bic_order_pq(chromosome, plen = 2, XMat, Xt)

Arguments

chromosome	A vector consists of the number of changepoints, the order of AR component (refers to the number of lagged terms used to model the current value of a time series), the order of MA component (refers to the number of lagged error terms used to model the current value of a time series), the changepoint locations, and a value of time series sample size plus 1 ($N+1$) indicating the end of the chromosome.
plen	The number of model order parameters that need to be selected. If model order selection needs to be performed simultaneously with the changepoint detection task, plen should be nonzero.
XMat	A matrix contains the covariates, but not includes changepoint effects, for time series regression.
Xt	The simulated ARMA time series from ts_sim function.

Value

The BIC value of the objective function.

Examples

Ts <- 1000
XMatT <- matrix(1, nrow = Ts, ncol = 1)
Xt <- ts_sim(
  Ts = Ts, beta = 0.5, XMat = XMatT, sigma = 1, phi = 0.5, theta = 0.8,
  Delta = c(2, -2), CpLoc = c(250, 750), seed = 1234
)

# one chromosome representation
chromosome <- c(2, 1, 1, 250, 750, 1001)
arima_bic_order_pq(chromosome, plen = 2, XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt)

---

Comparing multiple changepoint configurations by pairwise distance

Description

This function is to calculate the distance metric (Shi et al., 2022) between two changepoint configurations, $C_{1}=\{\tau_{1}, \ldots, \tau_{m}\}$ and $C_{2}=\{\eta_{1}, \ldots, \eta_{k}\}$, where $\tau$'s are the changepoint locations.

Usage

cpt_dist(tau1, tau2, N)

Arguments

tau1	A vector contains the changepoint locations for $C_{1}$ for comparison. A value NULL is required if there is no changepoint detected.
tau2	A vector contains the changepoint locations for $C_{2}$ for comparison. A value NULL is required if there is no changepoint detected.
N	The simulated time series sample size. Two changepoint configurations should have the same $n$ values.

Details

The pairwise distance was proposed by Shi et al. (2022),

$d(C_{1}, C_{2})=|m-k|+ \min(A(C_{1}, C_{2})),$

where $m$ is the number of changepoints in configuration $C_{1}$ and $k$ is the number of changepoints in configuration $C_{2}$. The term $\min(A(C_{1}, C_{2}))$ reflects the cost of matching changepoint locations between $C_{1}$ and $C_{2}$ and can be calculated using the linear assignment method. Details can be found in Shi et al. (2022). Note: if one configuration doesn't contain any changepoints (valued NULL), the distance is defined as $|m-k|$. The function can also be used to examine changepoint detection performance in simulation studies. Given the true changepoint configuration, $C_{true}$, used in generating the time series, the calculated distance between the estimated multiple changepoint configuration, $C_{est}=\{\eta_{1}, \ldots, \eta_{k}\}$, and $C_{true}$ can be used to evaluate the performance of the detection algorithm.

Value

dist	The calculated distance.

References

Shi, X., Gallagher, C., Lund, R., & Killick, R. (2022). A comparison of single and multiple changepoint techniques for time series data. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 170, 107433.

Examples

N <- 100

# both tau1 and tau2 has detected changepoints
tau2 <- c(25, 50, 75)
tau1 <- c(20, 35, 70, 80, 90)
cpt_dist(tau1 = tau1, tau2 = tau2, N = N)

# either tau1 or tau2 has zero detected changepoints
cpt_dist(tau1 = tau1, tau2 = NULL, N = N)
cpt_dist(tau1 = NULL, tau2 = tau2, N = N)

# both tau1 and tau2 has zero detected changepoints
cpt_dist(tau1 = NULL, tau2 = NULL, N = N)

---

Genetic algorithm

Description

Perform the genetic algorithm for changepoint detection. This involves the minimization of an objective function using a genetic algorithm (GA). The algorithm can be run sequentially or with explicit parallelization.

Usage

cptga(
  ObjFunc,
  N,
  prange = NULL,
  popSize = 200,
  pcrossover = 0.95,
  pmutation = 0.3,
  pchangepoint = 0.01,
  minDist = 1,
  mmax = NULL,
  lmax = NULL,
  maxgen = 50000,
  maxconv = 5000,
  option = "cp",
  monitoring = FALSE,
  parallel = FALSE,
  nCore = NULL,
  tol = 1e-05,
  seed = NULL,
  popInitialize = "random_population",
  suggestions = NULL,
  selection = "selection_linear_rank",
  crossover = "uniform_crossover",
  mutation = "mutation",
  ...
)

Arguments

ObjFunc	The fitness function to be minimized. Users can specify any R or Rcpp function as the fitness function, setting the input as the potential solution to the optimization problem and returning a numerical value as the output/fitness. Depending on the user-specified chromosome representation, the optimization task can be changepoint detection only or changepoint detection plus model order selection, which can be specified via the option parameter. When option="both", the list prange must be specified to give the range of model orders.
N	The sample size of the time series.
prange	The default value is NULL for changepoint detection only task. If both model order selection and changepoint detection are required, the prange argument should be provided as a list. Each element in this list must specify the range for a corresponding model order parameter, and the length of the list object of prange must match the number of order parameters to be estimated.
popSize	An integer represents the number of individuals/chromosomes in each population.
pcrossover	The probability that the crossover operator will apply to the two selected parents' chromosomes to produce the offspring. The typical value is close to 1, with the default setting in this package being 0.95.
pmutation	The probability that the mutation operator applies on one individual chromosome. Similar to the natural mutation process, new genetic information is introduced to the offspring chromosome with a relatively small probability (close to 0), with a default value of 0.3.
pchangepoint	The probability that a changepoint has occurred with a default value of 0.01. User could change this probability based on domain knowledge and the time series length. This probability is used during population initialization and in the creation of new chromosomes by the mutation operator. By default, the mutation operator function generates a new individual as the mutated offspring.
minDist	The minimum length between two adjacent changepoints. Default value equals to one.
mmax	The maximum number of changepoints allowed in the time series data corresponds to the maximum possible length of $\boldsymbol{\tau}$. For a time series of length 1000 and we only want to detect the changepoint (option="cp"), the default value is 499. The suggested value should be based on the length of the time series. For instance, if a time series has length $N$, the recommended mmax should be $N/2-1$. It is suggested to add the number of model hyperparameters if both changepoint detection and model order selection tasks are of-interested simultaneously (option="both").
lmax	The maximum possible length of the chromosome representation. For a time series of length 1000 and we only want to detect the changepoint (option="cp"), the default value is 501. The suggested value should be based on the length of the time series. For instance, if a time series has length $N$, the recommended lmax should be $2+N/2-1$. It is suggested to add the number of model hyperparameters if both changepoint detection and model order selection tasks are of-interested simultaneously (option="both").
maxgen	The maximum number of generations the GA can run before the search is forcibly terminated.
maxconv	If the overall best fitted value doesn't change after maxconv consecutive migrations, the GA algorithm stops.
option	A character string controls the optimization task. "cp" indicates the task is changepoint detection only. "both" indicates the task will include both changepoint detection and model order selection.
monitoring	A logical value with either TRUE or FALSE, indicating whether to print out summarized results (current best fitness function value and its corresponding $C$) for each generation from the GA.
parallel	A logical value with either TRUE or FALSE, indicating whether to use multiple cores for parallel computation of the fitness function values for individuals after population initialization.
nCore	An integer with the default value of NULL. It represents the number of cores used in parallel computing. The value of nCore must be less than the number of physical cores available.
tol	An numerical value with the default value of 1e-05. The tolerance level that helps evaluate whether the two iterations have the same fitness value, which aids in determining GA termination.
seed	An integer with the default value of NULL. An single integer allows function produce reproducible results.
popInitialize	A function or sourced function name character string. It should be designed for initializing a population. The default population initialization is random initialization with some imposed constraints. See random_population for example. The function returned object is a matrix, pop. The users can specified their own population function. It could also be a matrix object, which contain the user specified chromosome. By default, each column represents one individual chromosome. See random_population for details.
suggestions	A list object. Default value is NULL. Each element includes better or more reasonable guessed changepoints locations, which will resulting in one chromosome. If the number of provided suggestions equals to popSize, all the suggestions will be used as population. If the number of provided suggestions is less than popSize, the function from popInitialize will generate the remaining individual chromosomes. The number of provided suggestions cannot be greater than popSize. Having better suggestions can help GA converges faster.
selection	A function or sourced function name character string. This GA operator can help select mom and dad from current generation population, where dad is set to have better fit (smaller fitness function values). The default for selection uses the linear rank selection method. See selection_linear_rank for example. The function returned object is a list contain the chromosomes for mom and dad.
crossover	A function or sourced function name character string. This GA operator can apply crossover to the chosen parents to produce child for next generation with specified probability. The default for crossover uses the uniform crossover method. See uniform_crossover for details in the default crossover operator. The function returned object is a vector contain the chromosomes for child.
mutation	A function or sourced function name character string. This GA operator can apply mutation to the produced child with the specified probability pmutation. See mutation for details in the default mutation operator. The function returned object is a vector contain child chromosome representation.
...	additional arguments that will be passed to the fitness function.

Details

For any pre-specified time series model with a specified set of changepoint locations, model fit is evaluated using a fitness function $Q(\boldsymbol{\theta})$, where $\boldsymbol{\theta}=(\boldsymbol{s},\boldsymbol{\tau},\boldsymbol{\beta})'$ denotes the full parameter vector. Here, $\boldsymbol{s}$ denotes the set of model hyperparameters, potentially including the AR or MA orders, the degree of ARIMA differencing, or the periodic AR order for PAR models. The vector $\boldsymbol{\tau}=\{\tau_{1}, \ldots, \tau_{m}\}$ specifies the changepoint locations, with the number of changepoints $m$ inferred as part of the estimation. Each individual chromosome representation is specified as a vector,

$C = (m, \boldsymbol{s}, \boldsymbol{\tau}, N+1)',$

where $m$ represents the number of changepoints and is also equivalent to the length of vector $\boldsymbol{\tau}$ containing all the changepoint locations. $\boldsymbol{s}$ contains the integer-valued parameter for time series model structure specification, such as AR, MA, or PAR orders. If no model order selection is desired, then $\boldsymbol{s}$ is omitted and the GA detects changepoints only. The changepoint locations in $\boldsymbol{\tau}$ are encoded as interger values between 2 and $N$, allowing the length of $\boldsymbol{\tau}$ to vary dynamically with $m$. The value $N+1$ is appended at the end of $C$ to serve as a delimiter marking the boundary of the chromosome.

Value

Return an object class cptga-class. See cptga-class for a more detailed description.

Examples

Ts <- 1000
XMatT <- matrix(1, nrow = Ts, ncol = 1)
Xt <- ts_sim(
  Ts = Ts, beta = 0.5, XMat = XMatT, sigma = 1, phi = 0.5, theta = NULL,
  Delta = c(2, -2), CpLoc = c(250, 750), seed = 1234
)

## Multiple changepoint detection without model order selection

# without suggestions
GAres <- cptga(ObjFunc = arima_bic, N = Ts, XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt)
summary(GAres)
plot(GAres, data = Xt)

# with suggestions
suggestions <- list(NULL, 250, c(250, 500), c(250, 625), c(250, 500, 750))
GAres <- cptga(ObjFunc = arima_bic, N = Ts, suggestions = suggestions, XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt)
summary(GAres)
plot(GAres, data = Xt)


## Multiple changepoint detection with model order selection

prange <- list(ar = c(0, 3), ma = c(0, 3))

# without suggestions
GAres <- cptga(
  ObjFunc = arima_bic_order_pq, N = Ts, prange = prange,
  option = "both", XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt
)
summary(GAres)
plot(GAres, data = Xt)

# with suggestions
suggestions <- list(NULL, 250, c(250, 500), c(250, 625), c(250, 500, 750))
GAres <- cptga(
  ObjFunc = arima_bic_order_pq, N = Ts, prange = prange,
  suggestions = suggestions, option = "both", XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt
)
summary(GAres)
plot(GAres, data = Xt)

---

S4 Class Definition for 'cptga'

Description

S4 Class for Genetic Algorithm-Based Changepoint Detection

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'cptga'
summary(object, ...)

Arguments

object	An object of class cptga.
...	Additional arguments (ignored).

Details

An object of class cptga stores results and configuration settings for changepoint detection using a Genetic Algorithm (GA), optionally with simultaneous model order selection. This class records GA control parameters, intermediate population structures, and the optimal solution found.

Value

An object of class cptga.

Slots

call

The matched call that created the object.

N

The sample size of the time series.

prange

A list object. Default is NULL. If specified, it contains the ranges for each model order parameter (integers). Required when option = "both" is used for joint changepoint and model selection.

popSize

An integer representing the number of individuals in each GA population.

pcrossover

The probability that the crossover operator is applied to two chromosomes.

pmutation

The probability that the mutation operator is applied to a chromosome.

pchangepoint

The prior probability that a changepoint has occurred at each location.

minDist

The minimum allowed distance between two adjacent changepoints.

mmax

The maximum possible number of changepoints. Typically set based on time series length and option.

lmax

The maximum length of the chromosome. Typically set based on time series length and option.

maxgen

The maximum number of generations the GA is allowed to run.

maxconv

If the optimal fitness value does not improve over this many generations, GA stops.

option

A character string: either "cp" for changepoint detection only, or "both" for changepoint detection and model order selection.

monitoring

Logical. If TRUE, prints intermediate GA progress.

parallel

Logical. If TRUE, enables parallel computation for fitness evaluation.

nCore

Integer or NULL. Number of cores used for parallel computation when parallel = TRUE.

tol

Numeric. Tolerance for determining GA convergence. Default is 1e-5.

seed

An integer or NULL. Random seed for reproducibility.

suggestions

A list or NULL. Each element provides suggested changepoint locations to guide initial population design and potentially accelerate convergence.

population

A matrix where each row represents an individual chromosome in the current population.

fitness

A numeric vector containing the fitness values of individuals in the current generation.

overbestchrom

A vector representing the best chromosome found over all generations.

overbestfit

A numeric scalar. The best (smallest) fitness value achieved.

bestfit

A numeric vector recording the best fitness value in each generation.

count

A numeric value indicating the number of generations the GA actually ran.

convg

A numeric vector representing convergence information. A value of 0 indicates the algorithm successful completion. A value of 1 indicates the the total number of generations exceeds the pre-specified maxgen limit.

See Also

cptga, cptga-class, random_population, selection_linear_rank, uniform_crossover, mutation.

---

Island model based genetic algorithm

Description

Perform the island model genetic algorithm for multiple changepoint detection. Minimization of an objective function using genetic algorithm (GA). The algorithm can be run sequentially or in explicit parallelisation.

Usage

cptgaisl(
  ObjFunc,
  N,
  prange = NULL,
  popSize = 200,
  numIslands = 5,
  pcrossover = 0.95,
  pmutation = 0.3,
  pchangepoint = 0.01,
  minDist = 1,
  mmax = NULL,
  lmax = NULL,
  maxMig = 1000,
  maxgen = 50,
  maxconv = 100,
  option = "cp",
  monitoring = FALSE,
  parallel = FALSE,
  nCore = NULL,
  tol = 1e-05,
  seed = NULL,
  popInitialize = "random_population",
  suggestions = NULL,
  selection = "selection_linear_rank",
  crossover = "uniform_crossover",
  mutation = "mutation",
  ...
)

Arguments

ObjFunc	The fitness function to be minimized. Users can specify any R or Rcpp function as the fitness function, setting the input as the potential solution to the optimization problem and returning a numerical value as the output/fitness. Depending on the user-specified chromosome representation, the optimization task can be changepoint detection only or changepoint detection plus model order selection, which can be specified via the option parameter. When option="both", the list prange must be specified to give the range of model orders.
N	The sample size of the time series.
prange	The default value is NULL for changepoint detection only task. If both model order selection and changepoint detection are required, the prange argument should be provided as a list. Each element in this list must specify the range for a corresponding model order parameter, and the length of the list object of prange must match the number of order parameters to be estimated.
popSize	An integer representing the total number of individuals in each generation, which equal to the number of islands multiplied by the size of each island (i.e., popSize = numIslands × Islandsize).
numIslands	An integer representing the number of islands (sub-populations).
pcrossover	The probability that the crossover operator will apply to the two selected parents' chromosomes to produce the offspring. The typical value is close to 1, with the default setting in this package being 0.95.
pmutation	The probability that the mutation operator applies on one individual chromosome. Similar to the natural mutation process, new genetic information is introduced to the offspring chromosome with a relatively small probability (close to 0), with a default value of 0.3.
pchangepoint	The probability that a changepoint has occurred. User could change this probability based on domain knowledge and the time series length. This probability is used during population initialization and in the creation of new chromosomes by the mutation operator. By default, the mutation operator function generates a new individual as the mutated offspring.
minDist	The minimum length between two adjacent changepoints. Default value equals to one.
mmax	The maximum number of changepoints allowed in the time series data corresponds to the maximum possible length of $\boldsymbol{\tau}$. For a time series of length 1000 and we only want to detect the changepoint (option="cp"), the default value is 499. The suggested value should be based on the length of the time series. For instance, if a time series has length $N$, the recommended mmax should be $N/2-1$. It is suggested to add the number of model hyperparameters if both changepoint detection and model order selection tasks are of-interested simultaneously (option="both").
lmax	The maximum possible length of the chromosome representation. For a time series of length 1000 and we only want to detect the changepoint (option="cp"), the default value is 501. The suggested value should be based on the length of the time series. For instance, if a time series has length $N$, the recommended lmax should be $2+N/2-1$. It is suggested to add the number of model hyperparameters if both changepoint detection and model order selection tasks are of-interested simultaneously (option="both").
maxMig	An integer indicates the maximum number of migrations. After conducting maxMig migrations, the island model GA stops.
maxgen	An integer indicates the maximum number of generations that each island (subpopulation) undergoes before migration. It also determines the frequency of migration. The migration will occur after maxgen generations for each island (sub-population).
maxconv	An integer value is also used for algorithm termination. If the overall best-fitted value remains unchanged after maxconv consecutive migrations, the island model GA will terminate.
option	A character string controls the optimization task. "cp" indicates the task is changepoint detection only. "both" indicates the task will include both changepoint detection and model order selection.
monitoring	A logical value with either TRUE or FALSE, indicating whether to print out summarized results (current best fitness function value and its corresponding $C$) for each generation from the GA.
parallel	A logical value with TRUE or FALSE, indicating whether to use multiple cores for parallel computation. Different from the basic GA, in this approach, each island evolves independently. New population generation—including parent selection, crossover, and mutation—is processed independently and in parallel for each island, further saving computation time. Once the new population generation is complete, the migration operator is performed sequentially.
nCore	An integer indicates the number of cores utilized in parallel computing. For the island model GA, the number of cores used in parallel is set to the numIslands for convenience.
tol	An numerical value with the default value of 1e-05. The tolerance level that helps evaluate whether the two iterations have the same fitness value, which aids in determining GA termination.
seed	An integer with the default value of NULL. An single integer allows function produce reproducible results.
popInitialize	A function or sourced function name character string. It should be designed for initializing a population. The default population initialization is random initialization with some imposed constraints. See random_population for example. The function returned object is a matrix, pop. The users can specified their own population function. It could also be a matrix object, which contain the user specified chromosome. By default, each column represents one individual chromosome. See random_population for details.
suggestions	A list object. Default value is NULL. Each element includes better or more reasonable guessed changepoints locations, which will resulting in one chromosome. If the number of provided suggestions equals to popSize, all the suggestions will be used as population. If the number of provided suggestions is less than popSize, the function from popInitialize will generate the remaining individual chromosomes. The number of provided suggestions cannot be greater than popSize. Having better suggestions can help GA converges faster.
selection	A function or sourced function name character string. This GA operator can help select mom and dad from current generation population, where dad is set to have better fit (smaller fitness function values). The default for selection uses the linear rank selection method. See selection_linear_rank for example. The function returned object is a list contain the chromosomes for mom and dad.
crossover	A function or sourced function name character string. This GA operator can apply crossover to the chosen parents to produce child for next generation with specified probability. The default for crossover uses the uniform crossover method. See uniform_crossover for details in the default crossover operator. The function returned object is a vector contain the chromosomes for child.
mutation	A function or sourced function name character string. This GA operator can apply mutation to the produced child with the specified probability pmutation. See mutation for details in the default mutation operator. The function returned object is a vector contain child chromosome representation.
...	additional arguments that will be passed to the fitness function.

Details

For any pre-specified time series model with a specified set of changepoint locations, model fit is evaluated using a fitness function $Q(\boldsymbol{\theta})$, where $\boldsymbol{\theta}=(\boldsymbol{s},\boldsymbol{\tau},\boldsymbol{\beta})'$ denotes the full parameter vector. Here, $\boldsymbol{s}$ denotes the set of model hyperparameters, potentially including the AR or MA orders, the degree of ARIMA differencing, or the periodic AR order for PAR models. The vector $\boldsymbol{\tau}=\{\tau_{1}, \ldots, \tau_{m}\}$ specifies the changepoint locations, with the number of changepoints $m$ inferred as part of the estimation. Each individual chromosome representation is specified as a vector,

$C = (m, \boldsymbol{s}, \boldsymbol{\tau}, N+1)',$

where $m$ represents the number of changepoints and is also equivalent to the length of vector $\boldsymbol{\tau}$ containing all the changepoint locations. $\boldsymbol{s}$ contains the integer-valued parameter for time series model structure specification, such as AR, MA, or PAR orders. If no model order selection is desired, then $\boldsymbol{s}$ is omitted and the GA detects changepoints only. The changepoint locations in $\boldsymbol{\tau}$ are encoded as interger values between 2 and $N$, allowing the length of $\boldsymbol{\tau}$ to vary dynamically with $m$. The value $N+1$ is appended at the end of $C$ to serve as a delimiter marking the boundary of the chromosome.

Value

Return an object class cptgaisl-class. See cptgaisl-class for a more detailed description.

Examples

Ts <- 1000
XMatT <- matrix(1, nrow = Ts, ncol = 1)
Xt <- ts_sim(
  Ts = Ts, beta = 0.5, XMat = XMatT, sigma = 1, phi = 0.5, theta = NULL,
  Delta = c(2, -2), CpLoc = c(250, 750), seed = 1234
)

## Multiple changepoint detection without model order selection

# without suggestions
GAISLres <- cptgaisl(ObjFunc = arima_bic, N = Ts, XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt)
summary(GAISLres)
plot(GAISLres, data = Xt)

# with suggestions
suggestions <- list(NULL, 250, c(250, 500), c(250, 625), c(250, 500, 750))
GAISLres <- cptgaisl(ObjFunc = arima_bic, N = Ts, suggestions = suggestions, XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt)
summary(GAISLres)
plot(GAISLres, data = Xt)


## Multiple changepoint detection with model order selection

prange <- list(ar = c(0, 3), ma = c(0, 3))

# without suggestions
GAISLres <- cptgaisl(
  ObjFunc = arima_bic_order_pq, N = Ts, prange = prange,
  option = "both", XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt
)
summary(GAISLres)
plot(GAISLres, data = Xt)

# with suggestions
suggestions <- list(NULL, 250, c(250, 500), c(250, 625), c(250, 500, 750))
GAISLres <- cptgaisl(
  ObjFunc = arima_bic_order_pq, N = Ts, prange = prange,
  suggestions = suggestions, option = "both", XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt
)
summary(GAISLres)
plot(GAISLres, data = Xt)

---

S4 Class Definition for 'cptgaisl'

Description

S4 Class for Island Model Genetic Algorithm-Based Changepoint Detection

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'cptgaisl'
summary(object, ...)

Arguments

object	An object of class cptgaisl.
...	Additional arguments (ignored).

Details

This class stores results and settings for the island model genetic algorithm ('cptgaisl') used in multiple changepoint detection and optional model order selection.

Value

An object of class cptgaisl

Slots

call

The matched call that created the object.

N

The sample size of the time series.

prange

A list or NULL. Ranges for each model order parameter when option = "both".

popSize

Integer. It represents the total number of individuals in each generation, which equal to the number of islands multiplied by the size of each island (i.e., popSize = numIslands × Islandsize).

numIslands

Integer. The number of islands (sub-populations).

Islandsize

Numerical value. The number of individuals in each island.

pcrossover

Probability of crossover operation.

pmutation

Probability of mutation operation.

pchangepoint

Prior probability of changepoint occurrence.

minDist

Minimum distance between adjacent changepoints.

mmax

Maximum number of changepoints allowed.

lmax

Maximum length of chromosome.

maxMig

Maximum number of migrations allowed.

maxgen

Maximum number of generations per island before migration.

maxconv

Number of migrations with no improvement before stopping.

option

Either "cp" or "both".

monitoring

Logical. If TRUE, prints intermediate output.

parallel

Logical. Whether parallel computation is used.

nCore

Integer or NULL. Number of cores for parallelization.

tol

Tolerance threshold for fitness improvement.

seed

Integer or NULL. Seed for reproducibility.

suggestions

A list or NULL. Suggested changepoint configurations.

Island

A 3D array storing all individual chromosomes in current generation across islands. Dimensions are lmax × Islandsize × numIslands, representing chromosome length, individuals per island, and number of islands, respectively.

IslandFit

A matrix of fitness values in current generation with dimensions Islandsize × numIslands, where each column corresponds to one island's population.

overbestchrom

A vector. The best chromosome ever found.

overbestfit

Numeric. The best fitness score obtained.

bestfit

Numeric vector recording best fitness per migration.

countMig

Integer vector tracking number of migrations.

count

Integer vector tracking total generations.

convg

Integer vector for convergence diagnostics.

See Also

cptgaisl, cptgaisl-class, random_population, selection_linear_rank, uniform_crossover, mutation.

---

Structured and consensus-guided island model based genetic algorithm

Description

Perform the structured and consensus-guided island model genetic algorithm (SC-IMGA) for multiple changepoint detection. The method extends the standard island model genetic algorithm by incorporating structured birth-death-relocate mutation, cross-island consensus guidance, consensus-guided candidate selection, and optional objective refinement.

Usage

cptgascisl(
  ObjFunc,
  N,
  prange = NULL,
  popSize = 200,
  numIslands = 5,
  pcrossover = 0.95,
  pmutation = 0.3,
  pchangepoint = 0.01,
  minDist = 1,
  mmax = NULL,
  lmax = NULL,
  maxMig = 1000,
  maxgen = 50,
  maxconv = 100,
  option = "cp",
  monitoring = FALSE,
  parallel = FALSE,
  nCore = NULL,
  tol = 1e-05,
  seed = NULL,
  popInitialize = "random_population",
  suggestions = NULL,
  selection = "selection_linear_rank",
  crossover = "uniform_crossover",
  mutation = "mutation_birth_death_relocate",
  consensus = TRUE,
  native_consensus = TRUE,
  consensus_radius = 2L,
  consensus_lambda = 0.5,
  consensus_candidates = 5L,
  local_refine = c("periodic", "final", "none"),
  local_every = 5L,
  local_radius = 5L,
  local_max_passes = 1L,
  ...
)

Arguments

ObjFunc	The fitness function to be minimized. Users can specify any R or Rcpp function as the fitness function, setting the input as the potential solution to the optimization problem and returning a numerical value as the output/fitness. Depending on the user-specified chromosome representation, the optimization task can be changepoint detection only or changepoint detection plus model order selection, which can be specified via the option parameter. When option="both", the list prange must be specified to give the range of model orders.
N	The sample size of the time series.
prange	The default value is NULL for changepoint detection only task. If both model order selection and changepoint detection are required, the prange argument should be provided as a list. Each element in this list must specify the range for a corresponding model order parameter, and the length of the list object of prange must match the number of order parameters to be estimated.
popSize	An integer representing the total number of individuals in each generation, which equal to the number of islands multiplied by the size of each island (i.e., popSize = numIslands × Islandsize).
numIslands	An integer representing the number of islands (sub-populations).
pcrossover	The probability that the crossover operator will apply to the two selected parents' chromosomes to produce the offspring. The typical value is close to 1, with the default setting in this package being 0.95.
pmutation	The probability that the mutation operator applies on one individual chromosome. Similar to the natural mutation process, new genetic information is introduced to the offspring chromosome with a relatively small probability (close to 0), with a default value of 0.3.
pchangepoint	The probability that a changepoint has occurred. User could change this probability based on domain knowledge and the time series length. This probability is used during population initialization and in the creation of new chromosomes by the mutation operator.
minDist	The minimum length between two adjacent changepoints. Default value equals to one.
mmax	The maximum number of changepoints allowed in the time series data corresponds to the maximum possible length of $\boldsymbol{\tau}$. For a time series of length 1000 and we only want to detect the changepoint (option="cp"), the default value is 499. The suggested value should be based on the length of the time series. For instance, if a time series has length $N$, the recommended mmax should be $N/2-1$. It is suggested to add the number of model hyperparameters if both changepoint detection and model order selection tasks are of-interested simultaneously (option="both").
lmax	The maximum possible length of the chromosome representation. For a time series of length 1000 and we only want to detect the changepoint (option="cp"), the default value is 501. The suggested value should be based on the length of the time series. For instance, if a time series has length $N$, the recommended lmax should be $2+N/2-1$. It is suggested to add the number of model hyperparameters if both changepoint detection and model order selection tasks are of-interested simultaneously (option="both").
maxMig	An integer indicates the maximum number of migrations. After conducting maxMig migrations, the island model GA stops.
maxgen	An integer indicates the maximum number of generations that each island (subpopulation) undergoes before migration. It also determines the frequency of migration. The migration will occur after maxgen generations for each island (sub-population).
maxconv	An integer value is also used for algorithm termination. If the overall best-fitted value remains unchanged after maxconv consecutive migrations, the island model GA will terminate.
option	A character string controls the optimization task. "cp" indicates the task is changepoint detection only. "both" indicates the task will include both changepoint detection and model order selection.
monitoring	A logical value with either TRUE or FALSE, indicating whether to print out summarized results (current best fitness function value and its corresponding $C$) for each generation from the GA.
parallel	A logical value with TRUE or FALSE, indicating whether to use multiple cores for parallel computation. Different from the basic GA, in this approach, each island evolves independently. New population generation—including parent selection, crossover, and mutation—is processed independently and in parallel for each island, further saving computation time. Once the new population generation is complete, the migration operator is performed sequentially.
nCore	An integer indicates the number of cores utilized in parallel computing. For the island model GA, the number of cores used in parallel is set to the numIslands for convenience.
tol	An numerical value with the default value of 1e-05. The tolerance level that helps evaluate whether the two iterations have the same fitness value, which aids in determining GA termination.
seed	An integer with the default value of NULL. An single integer allows function produce reproducible results.
popInitialize	A function or sourced function name character string. It should be designed for initializing a population. The default population initialization is random initialization with some imposed constraints. See random_population for example. The function returned object is a matrix, pop. The users can specified their own population function. It could also be a matrix object, which contain the user specified chromosome. By default, each column represents one individual chromosome. See random_population for details.
suggestions	A list object. Default value is NULL. Each element includes better or more reasonable guessed changepoints locations, which will resulting in one chromosome. If the number of provided suggestions equals to popSize, all the suggestions will be used as population. If the number of provided suggestions is less than popSize, the function from popInitialize will generate the remaining individual chromosomes. The number of provided suggestions cannot be greater than popSize. Having better suggestions can help GA converges faster.
selection	A function or sourced function name character string. This GA operator can help select mom and dad from current generation population, where dad is set to have better fit (smaller fitness function values). The default for selection uses the linear rank selection method. See selection_linear_rank for example. The function returned object is a list contain the chromosomes for mom and dad.
crossover	A function or sourced function name character string. This GA operator can apply crossover to the chosen parents to produce child for next generation with specified probability. The default for crossover uses the uniform crossover method. See uniform_crossover for details in the default crossover operator. The function returned object is a vector contain the chromosomes for child.
mutation	A function or sourced function name character string. This GA operator can apply mutation to the produced child with the specified probability pmutation. The default mutation operator for SC-IMGA is mutation_birth_death_relocate, which applies a birth, death, or relocation move to the child chromosome.
consensus	A logical value indicating whether cross-island consensus guidance is used. When TRUE, a consensus score is constructed from the best chromosome on each island after each migration cycle.
native_consensus	A logical value indicating whether the current consensus score is passed directly to mutation operators that support consensus-guided birth, death, and relocation moves.
consensus_radius	A nonnegative integer specifying the neighborhood radius used when constructing the cross-island consensus score. An island contributes support to a time point if its best chromosome contains a changepoint within this radius.
consensus_lambda	A numerical value in $[0,1)$ controlling the strength of consensus guidance. A value of zero removes consensus weighting.
consensus_candidates	A positive integer specifying the number of mutation proposals generated from the same pre-mutation chromosome for proposal-level consensus-guided candidate selection. Setting this value to one disables multiple-proposal candidate selection.
local_refine	A character string specifying the objective refinement strategy. "periodic" applies refinement during the evolutionary search, "final" applies refinement only after the evolutionary search terminates, and "none" disables refinement.
local_every	A positive integer specifying the number of migration cycles between refinement steps when local_refine="periodic".
local_radius	A nonnegative integer specifying the maximum distance from the current changepoint location considered during local refinement.
local_max_passes	A positive integer specifying the maximum number of sequential refinement passes through all changepoints.
...	additional arguments that will be passed to the fitness function.

Details

For any pre-specified time series model with a specified set of changepoint locations, model fit is evaluated using a fitness function $Q(\boldsymbol{\theta})$, where $\boldsymbol{\theta}=(\boldsymbol{s},\boldsymbol{\tau},\boldsymbol{\beta})'$ denotes the full parameter vector. Here, $\boldsymbol{s}$ denotes the set of model hyperparameters, potentially including the AR or MA orders, the degree of ARIMA differencing, or the periodic AR order for PAR models. The vector $\boldsymbol{\tau}=\{\tau_{1}, \ldots, \tau_{m}\}$ specifies the changepoint locations, with the number of changepoints $m$ inferred as part of the estimation. Each individual chromosome representation is specified as a vector,

$C = (m, \boldsymbol{s}, \boldsymbol{\tau}, N+1)',$

where $m$ represents the number of changepoints and is also equivalent to the length of vector $\boldsymbol{\tau}$ containing all the changepoint locations. $\boldsymbol{s}$ contains the integer-valued parameter for time series model structure specification, such as AR, MA, or PAR orders. If no model order selection is desired, then $\boldsymbol{s}$ is omitted and the GA detects changepoints only. The changepoint locations in $\boldsymbol{\tau}$ are encoded as integer values between 2 and $N$, allowing the length of $\boldsymbol{\tau}$ to vary dynamically with $m$. The value $N+1$ is appended at the end of $C$ to serve as a delimiter marking the boundary of the chromosome.

SC-IMGA maintains multiple genetic algorithm populations, referred to as islands, which evolve independently between migration steps. After each migration cycle, the best chromosome from each island is used to construct a cross-island consensus score over candidate changepoint locations. For each time point, the consensus score is the proportion of island-best configurations containing a changepoint within consensus_radius of that location.

By default, SC-IMGA uses the structured birth-death-relocate mutation operator mutation_birth_death_relocate. A birth move adds one changepoint, a death move removes one changepoint, and a relocate move changes the location of one existing changepoint while preserving the number of changepoints.

Consensus guidance can operate at two levels. When native_consensus = TRUE, the current consensus score is supplied to the mutation operator so that birth and relocation moves can favor strongly supported locations, while death and relocation source selection can favor weakly supported changepoints. In addition, consensus_candidates mutation proposals can be independently generated from the same pre-mutation chromosome. These proposals are weighted according to their agreement with the consensus structure, and one proposal is selected for objective-function evaluation.

The strength of consensus guidance is controlled by consensus_lambda. A value of zero removes consensus weighting, whereas larger values increase the influence of cross-island agreement while preserving positive probability for feasible mutation proposals.

SC-IMGA also provides objective refinement. The refinement procedure fixes the number of changepoints and sequentially searches feasible integer locations within local_radius of each current changepoint. A changepoint location is updated only if the corresponding objective value strictly improves.

With local_refine = "periodic", the best chromosome from each island is refined every local_every migration cycles. With local_refine = "final", only the overall best chromosome is refined after the evolutionary search terminates. Setting local_refine = "none" disables objective refinement.

Setting consensus = FALSE disables cross-island consensus guidance. Setting native_consensus = FALSE disables within-move consensus guidance. Setting consensus_candidates = 1 disables multiple-proposal consensus-guided candidate selection.

Value

Return an object class cptgascisl-class. See cptgascisl-class for a more detailed description.

References

Li, M. (2026). Structured and Consensus-Guided Island Model Genetic Algorithm for Multiple Changepoint Detection. Manuscript submitted for publication.

See Also

cptga, cptgaisl, mutation_birth_death_relocate

Examples

Ts <- 1000
XMatT <- matrix(1, nrow = Ts, ncol = 1)
Xt <- ts_sim(
  Ts = Ts, beta = 0.5, XMat = XMatT, sigma = 1, phi = 0.5, theta = NULL,
  Delta = c(2, -2), CpLoc = c(250, 750), seed = 1234
)

## Multiple changepoint detection without model order selection

# without suggestions
SCGAISLres <- cptgascisl(ObjFunc = arima_bic, N = Ts, XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt)
summary(SCGAISLres)
plot(SCGAISLres, data = Xt)


# with suggestions
suggestions <- list(NULL, 250, c(250, 500), c(250, 625), c(250, 500, 750))
SCGAISLres <- cptgascisl(
  ObjFunc = arima_bic, 
  N = Ts, 
  suggestions = suggestions, 
  XMat = XMatT, 
  Xt = Xt
)
summary(SCGAISLres)
plot(SCGAISLres, data = Xt)


## Multiple changepoint detection with model order selection

prange <- list(ar = c(0, 3), ma = c(0, 3))

# without suggestions
SCGAISLres <- cptgascisl(
  ObjFunc = arima_bic_order_pq, N = Ts, prange = prange, 
  option = "both", XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt
)
summary(SCGAISLres)
plot(SCGAISLres, data = Xt)


# with suggestions
suggestions <- list(NULL, 250, c(250, 500), c(250, 625), c(250, 500, 750))

SCGAISLres <- cptgascisl(
  ObjFunc = arima_bic_order_pq, N = Ts, prange = prange,
  suggestions = suggestions, option = "both", XMat = XMatT, Xt = Xt)
summary(SCGAISLres)
plot(SCGAISLres, data = Xt)

---

S4 Class Definition for 'cptgascisl'

Description

S4 Class for Structured and Consensus-Guided Island Model Genetic Algorithm-Based Changepoint Detection

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'cptgascisl'
summary(object, ...)

Arguments

object	An object of class cptgascisl.
...	Additional arguments (ignored).

Details

This class stores results and settings for the structured and consensus-guided island model genetic algorithm ('cptgascisl') used in multiple changepoint detection and optional model order selection.

Value

An object of class cptgascisl

Slots

call

The matched call that created the object.

N

The sample size of the time series.

prange

A list or NULL. Ranges for each model order parameter when option = "both".

popSize

Integer. It represents the total number of individuals in each generation, which equal to the number of islands multiplied by the size of each island (i.e., popSize = numIslands × Islandsize).

numIslands

Integer. The number of islands (sub-populations).

Islandsize

Numerical value. The number of individuals in each island.

pcrossover

Probability of crossover operation.

pmutation

Probability of mutation operation.

pchangepoint

Prior probability of changepoint occurrence.

minDist

Minimum distance between adjacent changepoints.

mmax

Maximum number of changepoints allowed.

lmax

Maximum length of chromosome.

maxMig

Maximum number of migrations allowed.

maxgen

Maximum number of generations per island before migration.

maxconv

Number of migrations with no improvement before stopping.

option

Either "cp" or "both".

monitoring

Logical. If TRUE, prints intermediate output.

parallel

Logical. Whether parallel computation is used.

nCore

Integer or NULL. Number of cores for parallelization.

tol

Tolerance threshold for fitness improvement.

seed

Integer or NULL. Seed for reproducibility.

suggestions

A list or NULL. Suggested changepoint configurations.

Island

A 3D array storing all individual chromosomes in current generation across islands. Dimensions are lmax × Islandsize × numIslands, representing chromosome length, individuals per island, and number of islands, respectively.

IslandFit

A matrix of fitness values in current generation with dimensions Islandsize × numIslands, where each column corresponds to one island's population.

overbestchrom

A vector. The best chromosome ever found.

overbestfit

Numeric. The best fitness score obtained.

bestfit

Numeric vector recording best fitness per migration.

countMig

Integer vector tracking number of migrations.

count

Integer vector tracking total generations.

convg

Integer vector for convergence diagnostics.

consensus

Logical. Whether cross-island consensus guidance is used.

native_consensus

Logical. Whether consensus guidance is used directly within the mutation operator.

consensus_radius

Nonnegative integer. Neighborhood radius used to construct the cross-island consensus score.

consensus_lambda

Numeric. Strength of consensus guidance.

consensus_candidates

Positive integer. Number of mutation proposals generated for consensus-guided candidate selection.

local_refine

Character. Objective refinement strategy: "none", "final", or "periodic".

local_every

Positive integer. Number of migrations between periodic refinement steps.

local_radius

Nonnegative integer. Neighborhood radius used during objective refinement.

local_max_passes

Positive integer. Maximum number of objective refinement passes.

n_eval_local

Number of additional objective function evaluations performed during objective refinement.

See Also

cptgascisl, cptgascisl-class, random_population, selection_linear_rank, uniform_crossover, mutation_birth_death_relocate.

---

The default mutation operator in genetic algorithm

Description

In a certain probability, the mutation genetic operator can be applied to generate a new child. By default, the new child selection can be down by the similar individual selection method in population initialization, select_tau.

Usage

mutation(child, prange = NULL, minDist, pchangepoint, lmax, mmax, N)

Arguments

child	The child chromosome resulting from the crossover genetic operator.
prange	Default is NULL for only changepoint detection. If prange is specified as a list object, which contains the range of each model order parameters for order selection (integers). The number of order parameters must be equal to the length of prange.
minDist	The required minimum distance between two adjacent changepoints.
pchangepoint	The probability of changepoints for every time series.
lmax	The user specified maximum number of changepoints, by default, as N/2 - 1.
mmax	The user specified maximum length of individual chromosome, by default, as 2+N/2 + 1.
N	The sample size of the time series.

Details

A function can apply mutation to the produced child with the specified probability pmutation in cptga and cptgaisl. If order selection is not requested (option = "cp" in cptga and cptgaisl), the default mutation operator function uses select_tau to select a completely new individual with a new chromosome as the mutated child. For details, see select_tau. If order selection is needed (option = "both" in cptga and cptgaisl), we first decide whether to keep the produced child's model order with a probability of 0.5. If the child's model order is retained, the select_tau function is used to select a completely new individual with a new chromosome as the mutated child. If a new model order is selected from the candidate model order set, there is a 0.5 probability to either select a completely new individual with new changepoint locations or retain the original child's changepoint locations for the mutated child. Note that the current model orders in the child's chromosome are excluded from the set to avoid redundant objective function evaluation. Finally, the function returns a vector containing the modified chromosomes for mutated child.

Value

The resulting child chromosome representation.

---

Birth-death-relocate mutation operator

Description

Perform a structured birth-death-relocate (BDR) mutation for changepoint chromosomes. Conditional on mutation, the operator randomly selects one feasible operation from birth, death, and relocation, with equal probability among the feasible operation types.

Usage

mutation_birth_death_relocate(
  child,
  prange = NULL,
  minDist,
  pchangepoint,
  lmax,
  mmax,
  N,
  consensus_score = NULL,
  consensus_lambda = 0
)

Arguments

child	A vector or one-column matrix containing the chromosome to be mutated.
prange	The default value is NULL for changepoint detection only task. If model order selection and changepoint detection are performed simultaneously, prange should be a list specifying the allowable ranges of the model-order parameters.
minDist	The minimum length between two adjacent changepoints.
pchangepoint	The probability that a changepoint has occurred. This argument is retained for compatibility with the mutation-operator interface.
lmax	The maximum possible length of the chromosome representation.
mmax	The maximum number of changepoints allowed in the time series.
N	The sample size of the time series.
consensus_score	An optional numerical vector of length N containing the consensus support score for each candidate location. The default value is NULL, corresponding to unguided BDR mutation.
consensus_lambda	A numerical value controlling the strength of consensus guidance. A value of zero gives unguided BDR mutation. Larger values give greater weight to the consensus score. The default is 0.

Details

The operator can be used as an unguided BDR mutation or as a consensus-guided BDR mutation. When consensus_score is provided and consensus_lambda > 0, the cross-island consensus information is used to guide the locations involved in birth, death, and relocation moves.

For a chromosome

$C = (m, \boldsymbol{s}, \boldsymbol{\tau}, N+1)',$

where $m$ is the number of changepoints, $\boldsymbol{s}$ contains optional model-order parameters, and $\boldsymbol{\tau}$ contains the ordered changepoint locations, the BDR mutation applies exactly one feasible structural operation.

A birth move adds one changepoint at a feasible location satisfying the boundary and minimum-spacing constraints. A death move removes one existing changepoint. A relocation move selects one existing changepoint and moves it to another feasible location while keeping the number of changepoints fixed.

When all three operations are feasible, each is selected with probability one third. When only one or two operations are feasible, the probability is redistributed equally among the available operations.

If consensus_score = NULL or consensus_lambda = 0, the operator performs unguided BDR mutation. Otherwise, consensus information guides the mutation. Birth locations with stronger consensus support receive larger sampling weights. During a death move, changepoints with weaker consensus support receive larger deletion weights. During relocation, weakly supported changepoints are more likely to be selected as the source, while strongly supported feasible locations are more likely to be selected as the destination.

The model-order parameters in $\boldsymbol{s}$, when present, are not modified by this mutation operator.

Value

A one-column integer matrix containing the mutated chromosome.

References

Li, M. (2026). Structured and Consensus-Guided Island Model Genetic Algorithm for Multiple Changepoint Detection. Manuscript submitted for publication.

See Also

cptgaisl, cptgascisl

---

Plot Time Series with Detected Changepoints from a 'cptga' Object

Description

This function visualizes a univariate time series along with the changepoints identified by a basic genetic algorithm, as represented by a 'cptga' object. Vertical dashed lines mark changepoint locations, and segment means are shown as horizontal dashed lines. The optimal fitness value and changepoint locations are displayed as margin text.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'cptga'
plot(
  x,
  data,
  show_segmean = TRUE,
  main = NULL,
  XTickLab = NULL,
  XTickPos = NULL,
  XAxisLab = "Time",
  YAxisLab = "Data",
  cex.lab = 1.3,
  cex.axis = 1.3,
  cex.main = 1.3,
  lwd = 2,
  ...
)

Arguments

x	An object of class cptgaisl, typically returned by a basic genetic algorithm based changepoint detection procedure.
data	A numeric vector representing the observed univariate time series.
show_segmean	Binary, whether to include the segments' means.
main	Optional main title for the plot.
XTickLab	Optional vector (e.g., numeric or date) for custom x-axis labels. Must be the same length as data.
XTickPos	Optional vector specifying which elements of XTickLab to show as ticks.
XAxisLab	Optional label for the x-axis. Default is "Time".
YAxisLab	Optional label for the y-axis. Default is "Data".
cex.lab	Text size for axis labels and margin text. Default is 1.3.
cex.axis	Text size for axis tick labels. Default is 1.3.
cex.main	Text size for the main title. Default is 1.3.
lwd	Line width for vertical and horizontal dashed lines. Default is 2.
...	Additional graphical parameters passed to plot().

Details

If XTickLab is supplied and matches the length of data, it is used for the x-axis; otherwise, the default sequence 1:length(data) is used.

If the genetic algorithm was run with option = "both", the function skips hyperparameters in the chromosome when extracting changepoint positions.

The plot displays vertical dashed lines at changepoint locations and horizontal dashed lines for the mean of each segment. Fitness and changepoint summaries are shown above the plot.

Value

This function is called for its side effects and returns NULL invisibly.

See Also

cptga, summary, plot.cptga

---

Plot Time Series with Detected Changepoints from a 'cptgaisl' Object

Description

This function visualizes a univariate time series along with the changepoints identified by a island model genetic algorithm, as represented by a 'cptgaisl' object. Vertical dashed lines mark changepoint locations, and segment means are shown as horizontal dashed lines. The optimal fitness value and changepoint locations are displayed as margin text.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'cptgaisl'
plot(
  x,
  data,
  show_segmean = TRUE,
  main = NULL,
  XTickLab = NULL,
  XTickPos = NULL,
  XAxisLab = "Time",
  YAxisLab = "Data",
  cex.lab = 1.3,
  cex.axis = 1.3,
  cex.main = 1.3,
  lwd = 2,
  ...
)

Arguments

x	An object of class cptgaisl, typically returned by an island model genetic algorithm based changepoint detection procedure.
data	A numeric vector representing the observed univariate time series.
show_segmean	Binary, whether to include the segments' means.
main	Optional main title for the plot.
XTickLab	Optional vector (e.g., numeric or date) for custom x-axis labels. Must be the same length as data.
XTickPos	Optional vector specifying which elements of XTickLab to show as ticks.
XAxisLab	Optional label for the x-axis. Default is "Time".
YAxisLab	Optional label for the y-axis. Default is "Data".
cex.lab	Text size for axis labels and margin text. Default is 1.3.
cex.axis	Text size for axis tick labels. Default is 1.3.
cex.main	Text size for the main title. Default is 1.3.
lwd	Line width for vertical and horizontal dashed lines. Default is 2.
...	Additional graphical parameters passed to plot().

Details

If XTickLab is supplied and matches the length of data, it is used for the x-axis; otherwise, the default sequence 1:length(data) is used.

If the genetic algorithm was run with option = "both", the function skips hyperparameters in the chromosome when extracting changepoint positions.

The plot displays vertical dashed lines at changepoint locations and horizontal dashed lines for the mean of each segment. Fitness and changepoint summaries are shown above the plot.

Value

This function is called for its side effects and returns NULL invisibly.

See Also

summary, print.summary.cptgaisl

---

Plot Time Series with Detected Changepoints from a 'cptgascisl' Object

Description

This function visualizes a univariate time series along with the changepoints identified by a structured and consensus-guided island model genetic algorithm, as represented by a 'cptgascisl' object. Vertical dashed lines mark changepoint locations, and segment means are shown as horizontal dashed lines. The optimal fitness value and changepoint locations are displayed as margin text.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'cptgascisl'
plot(
  x,
  data,
  show_segmean = TRUE,
  main = NULL,
  XTickLab = NULL,
  XTickPos = NULL,
  XAxisLab = "Time",
  YAxisLab = "Data",
  cex.lab = 1.3,
  cex.axis = 1.3,
  cex.main = 1.3,
  lwd = 2,
  ...
)

Arguments

x	An object of class cptgascisl, typically returned by a structured and consensus-guided island model genetic algorithm based changepoint detection procedure.
data	A numeric vector representing the observed univariate time series.
show_segmean	Binary, whether to include the segments' means.
main	Optional main title for the plot.
XTickLab	Optional vector (e.g., numeric or date) for custom x-axis labels. Must be the same length as data.
XTickPos	Optional vector specifying which elements of XTickLab to show as ticks.
XAxisLab	Optional label for the x-axis. Default is "Time".
YAxisLab	Optional label for the y-axis. Default is "Data".
cex.lab	Text size for axis labels and margin text. Default is 1.3.
cex.axis	Text size for axis tick labels. Default is 1.3.
cex.main	Text size for the main title. Default is 1.3.
lwd	Line width for vertical and horizontal dashed lines. Default is 2.
...	Additional graphical parameters passed to plot().

Details

If XTickLab is supplied and matches the length of data, it is used for the x-axis; otherwise, the default sequence 1:length(data) is used.

If the genetic algorithm was run with option = "both", the function skips hyperparameters in the chromosome when extracting changepoint positions.

The plot displays vertical dashed lines at changepoint locations and horizontal dashed lines for the mean of each segment. Fitness and changepoint summaries are shown above the plot.

Value

This function is called for its side effects and returns NULL invisibly.

See Also

summary, print.summary.cptgascisl

---

Print Summary for a 'cptga' Object

Description

Displays key information about the settings and results from a changepoint detection procedure using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) stored in a 'cptga' object. This includes the algorithm configuration, population settings, optimization mode, and final solution such as the number and location of changepoints and model parameters (if applicable).

Usage

## S3 method for class 'summary.cptga'
print(x, digits = getOption("digits"), max_display = 5, ...)

Arguments

x	An object of class cptga, typically produced by a GA-based changepoint detection routine.
digits	Number of digits to print for probabilities and fitness. Default taken from getOption("digits").
max_display	Maximum number of suggested solutions to display if suggestions are provided.
...	Additional arguments (currently not used).

Details

When the GA is run in option = "cp" mode, only changepoint locations are shown. If option = "both", the output includes the selected model hyperparameters along with changepoint locations.

The function uses plain text output to print a formatted summary to the console. If x@suggestions is provided, only up to max_display suggestions will be shown.

Value

Invisibly returns NULL. Called for its side effect of printing to the console.

See Also

cptga, summary, plot.cptga

---

Print Summary for a 'cptgaisl' Object

Description

Displays key information about the settings and results from a changepoint detection procedure using the Island model Genetic Algorithm (IMGA) stored in a 'cptgaisl' object. This includes the algorithm configuration, population settings, optimization mode, and final solution such as the number and location of changepoints and model parameters (if applicable).

Usage

## S3 method for class 'summary.cptgaisl'
print(x, digits = getOption("digits"), max_display = 5, ...)

Arguments

x	An object of class cptgaisl, typically produced by a GA-based changepoint detection routine.
digits	Number of digits to print for probabilities and fitness. Default taken from getOption("digits").
max_display	Maximum number of suggested solutions to display if suggestions are provided.
...	Additional arguments (currently not used).

Details

When the GA is run in option = "cp" mode, only changepoint locations are shown. If option = "both", the output includes the selected model hyperparameters along with changepoint locations.

The function uses plain text output to print a formatted summary to the console. If x@suggestions is provided, only up to max_display suggestions will be shown.

Value

Invisibly returns NULL. Called for its side effect of printing to the console.

See Also

cptgaisl, summary, plot.cptgaisl

---

Print Summary for a 'cptgascisl' Object

Description

Displays key information about the settings and results from a changepoint detection procedure using the Structured and Consensus-Guided Island Model Genetic Algorithm (SC-IMGA) stored in a 'cptgascisl' object. This includes the algorithm configuration, population settings, consensus-guidance settings, objective-refinement settings, optimization mode, and final solution such as the number and location of changepoints and model parameters (if applicable).

Usage

## S3 method for class 'summary.cptgascisl'
print(x, digits = getOption("digits"), max_display = 5, ...)

Arguments

x	An object of class cptgascisl, typically produced by a GA-based changepoint detection routine.
digits	Number of digits to print for probabilities and fitness. Default taken from getOption("digits").
max_display	Maximum number of suggested solutions to display if suggestions are provided.
...	Additional arguments (currently not used).

Details

When the GA is run in option = "cp" mode, only changepoint locations are shown. If option = "both", the output includes the selected model hyperparameters along with changepoint locations.

The function uses plain text output to print a formatted summary to the console. If x@suggestions is provided, only up to max_display suggestions will be shown.

Value

Invisibly returns NULL. Called for its side effect of printing to the console.

See Also

cptgascisl, summary, plot.cptgascisl

---

Random population initialization

Description

Randomly generate the individuals' chromosomes (changepoint confirgurations) to construct the first generation population.

Usage

random_population(popSize, prange, N, minDist, pchangepoint, mmax, lmax)

Arguments

popSize	An integer represents the number of individual in each population for basic GA (or subpopulation for island model GA).
prange	Default is NULL for only changepoint detection. If prange is specified as a list object, which contains the range of each model order parameters for order selection (integers). The number of order parameters must be equal to the length of prange.
N	The length of time series.
minDist	The minimum length between two adjacent changepoints.
pchangepoint	Same as pchangepoint from cptga or cptgaisl, the probability that a changepoint has occurred.
mmax	The maximum possible number of changepoints in the data set.
lmax	The maximum possible length of the chromosome representation.

Details

Each population can be stored in a matrix with lmax rows and popSize columns, where each column represents an individual chromosome in the format of

$C = (m, \boldsymbol{s}, \boldsymbol{\tau}, N+1)',$

in cptga or cptgaisl. This function can randomly initialize the population matrix with some imposed constraints, such as ensuring the number of time points between two adjacent changepoints is greater than or equal to minDist. This prevents unrealistic scenario of two changepoints being too close to each other and helps reduce the total number of admissible solutions in the search space. Users can adjust the level of searching space reduction by setting an appropriate value for minDist. During population initialization, each changepoint location in $\boldsymbol{\tau}$ can be selected sequentially. With a specified probability pchangepoint denoting the probability of a time point being selected as a changepoint, the first changepoint $\tau_{1}$ is randomly picked between $t=1+minDist$ and $t=N$. Then $\tau_{2}$ is randomly selected from a smaller range between $t=\tau_{1}+minDist$ and $t=N$. The process is continued until the last admissible changepoint $t=N-minDist$ is exceeded, and the number of changepoints $m$ is obtained automatically. For added flexibility, users can specify their own population initialization function. The default population initialization uses select_tau to select the chromosome for the first generation population.

Value

A matrix that contains each individual's chromosome.

---

Randomly select the chromosome

Description

Randomly select the changepoint configuration for population initialization. The selected changepoint configuration represents a changepoint chromosome. The first element of the chromosome represent the number of changepoints and the last non-zero element always equal to the length of time series + 1.

Usage

select_tau(N, prange, minDist, pchangepoint, mmax, lmax)

Arguments

N	The length of time series.
prange	A list object containing the possible range for other pre-defined model parameters, i.e. AR/MA order of ARMA models.
minDist	The minimum length between two adjacent changepoints.
pchangepoint	Same as Pchangepoint, the probability that a changepoint has occurred.
mmax	The maximum possible number of changepoints in the data set.
lmax	The maximum possible length of the chromosome representation.

Value

A single changepoint configuration format as above.

---

The default parents selection genetic algorithm operator

Description

The genetic algorithm require to select a pair of chromosomes, representing dad and mom, for the crossover operator to produce offspring (individual for next generation). The parents chromosomes are randomly selectd from the initialized population by a linear ranking method according to each individual's fittness in the input argument popFit. By default, the dad has better fit/smaller fitness function value/larger rank than mom.

Usage

selection_linear_rank(pop, popFit)

Arguments

pop	A matrix contains the chromosomes for all individuals. The number of rows is equal to lmax and the number of columns is equal to the popSize.
popFit	A vector contains the objective function value (population fit) being associated to each individual chromosome from above.

Value

A list contains the chromosomes for dad and mom.

---

Time series simulation with changepoint effects

Description

This is a function to simulate time series with changepoint effects. See details below.

Usage

ts_sim(
  Ts,
  beta,
  XMat,
  sigma,
  phi = NULL,
  theta = NULL,
  d = 0,
  Delta = NULL,
  CpLoc = NULL,
  seed = NULL
)

Arguments

Ts	A integer indicating simulated time series length (sample size).
beta	A parameter vector contains other mean function parameters without changepoint parameters.
XMat	The covairates for time series mean function without changepoint indicators.
sigma	The standard deviation for time series residuals $\epsilon_{t}$.
phi	A vector for the autoregressive (AR) parameters for AR part.
theta	A vector for the moving average (MA) parameters for MA part.
d	A nonnegative integer for the order of differencing in the ARIMA model. Default is 0, which reduces to an ARMA model.
Delta	The parameter vector contains the changepoint parameters for time series mean function.
CpLoc	A vector contains the changepoint locations range from $1\leq\tau\leq T_{s}$.
seed	The random seed for simulation reproducibility.

Details

The simulated time series $Z_t, t = 1, \ldots, T_s$ is generated from

$Z_t = \mu_t + e_t.$

The error process $e_t$ can be:

• IID Gaussian noise when phi = NULL, theta = NULL, and d = 0.

• An ARMA(p,q) process when d = 0 and at least one of phi or theta is specified.

• An ARIMA(p,d,q) process when d > 0.

The mean structure $\mu_t$ is specified through XMat and beta, and changepoint effects can be introduced as

$\mu_t = X_t^\top \beta + \Delta_1 I(t \ge \tau_1) + \cdots + \Delta_m I(t \ge \tau_m),$

where $1 \le \tau_1 < \cdots < \tau_m \le T_s$ are changepoint locations and $\Delta_1, \ldots, \Delta_m$ are changepoint magnitudes.

Value

The simulated time series with attributes:

• DesignX: The covariates including changepoint indicators.

• mu: The mean vector for the simulated time series.

• theta: The true parameter vector including changepoint effects.

• CpEff: The true changepoint magnitudes.

• CpLoc: The true changepoint locations.

• arEff: The AR coefficients.

• maEff: The MA coefficients.

• diffEff: The differencing order.

• seed: The random seed used for simulation.

Examples

##### M1: Time series observations are IID
Ts <- 1000
betaT <- c(0.5)
XMatT <- matrix(1, nrow = Ts, ncol = 1)
colnames(XMatT) <- "intercept"
sigmaT <- 1
DeltaT <- c(2, -2)
Cpprop <- c(1 / 4, 3 / 4)
CpLocT <- floor(Ts * Cpprop)

myts <- ts_sim(
  Ts = Ts, beta = betaT, XMat = XMatT, sigma = sigmaT,
  Delta = DeltaT, CpLoc = CpLocT, seed = 1234
)

##### M2: ARMA(2,1) model with constant mean
Ts <- 1000
betaT <- c(0.5)
XMatT <- matrix(1, nrow = Ts, ncol = 1)
colnames(XMatT) <- "intercept"
sigmaT <- 1
phiT <- c(0.5, -0.5)
thetaT <- c(0.8)
DeltaT <- c(2, -2)
CpLocT <- floor(Ts * c(1 / 4, 3 / 4))

myts <- ts_sim(
  Ts = Ts, beta = betaT, XMat = XMatT, sigma = sigmaT,
  phi = phiT, theta = thetaT, d = 0,
  Delta = DeltaT, CpLoc = CpLocT, seed = 1234
)

##### M3: ARIMA(1,1,1) model with changepoint effects
Ts <- 1000
betaT <- c(0.5)
XMatT <- matrix(1, nrow = Ts, ncol = 1)
colnames(XMatT) <- "intercept"
sigmaT <- 1
phiT <- c(0.5)
thetaT <- c(-0.3)
DeltaT <- c(2, -2)
CpLocT <- floor(Ts * c(1 / 4, 3 / 4))

myts <- ts_sim(
  Ts = Ts, beta = betaT, XMat = XMatT, sigma = sigmaT,
  phi = phiT, theta = thetaT, d = 1,
  Delta = DeltaT, CpLoc = CpLocT, seed = 1234
)

---

Uniform crossover to produce offsprings

Description

In uniform crossover, typically, each bit is chosen from either parent with equal probability. Other mixing ratios are sometimes used, resulting in offspring which inherit more genetic information from one parent than the other. In a uniform crossover, we don’t divide the chromosome into segments, rather we treat each gene separately. In this, we essentially flip a coin for each chromosome to decide whether or not it will be included in the off-spring. If model order selection is requested, each child's model order has the equal probability (0.5) from dad and mom.

Usage

uniform_crossover(mom, dad, prange, minDist, lmax, N)

Arguments

mom	Among two selected individuals, mom represents the selected chromosome representation with lower fitness function value.
dad	Among two selected individuals, dad represents the selected chromosome representation with larger fitness function value.
prange	Default value is NULL for only changepoint detection. If prange is specified as a list object, which contains the range of each model order parameters for order selection (integers). The number of order parameters must be equal to the length of prange.
minDist	The required minimum distance between two adjacent changepoints.
lmax	The user specified maximum number of changepoints, by default, as N/2 - 1.
N	The length of time series.

Value

The child chromosome that produced from mom and dad for next generation.

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